AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Opinion | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/156
NIET, National Institute of Medical Science, India.
*Corresponding Author: Rajiv Kumar, NIET, National Institute of Medical Science, India.
Citation: R Kumar. (2021). Nanomedicine, viral infection and cytokine storm. International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. 8(4); DOI:10.31579/2690-4861/156
Copyright: © 2021 Rajiv Kumar, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 21 July 2021 | Accepted: 15 September 2021 | Published: 20 September 2021
Keywords:
Recently, emerged outbreaks of various viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), MERS-CoV, and ZIKA infections, are fatal for human life. These life-threatening infections to public health pointed out as a major cause responsible for initiating severe diseases globally. These viral infections heightened the morbidity rates and thus, it is a deadly fear to human life. Researchers left no stone unturned for searching newer therapeutic targets and remedies to treat these viral infections and outbreaks. Simultaneously, some of the researchers have gained success in the discovery of an efficient treatment and development of an effective vaccine [1]. In view of that, numerous developments have been made for innovating nanotherapies, which can treat viral infection and few of them are written off as nanomedicine, have been become reality. These freshly designed nanotherapeutics utilized in different formulations as per their acclaimed title role. Moreover, these nanoscale remedies easily applied in the different forms and phenomenon for prevention, treatment, diagnosis, and vaccination of the aforementioned infections and outbreak. It was specifically reported that the quantum dots are playing a magnificent role as biosensors and can apply for diagnosis viral infection, including (SARS-CoV-2), MERS-CoV, and ZIKA viral infections (Fig 1).
Liposomes, micelles, lipid nanoparticles, metallic and polymeric nanoparticles are various other types of nanomaterials were designed and prepared by nanotechnology, used as drug delivery vehicle, drug constituents, and in encapsulation too [2]. Nanotools and devices can easily transport immunosuppressant drugs to the affected site efficiently. The delivered immunosuppressant drugs can control the cytokine storm and settles it down before gaining a dangerous stage. At this juncture, the engineered nanotools and devices enhanced immune responses simultaneously and specifically prompt pharmacological impact on location of the diseased cells, and tissues. Therefore, nanomedicine is extensively acclaimed as potential probe agents in detecting and treating coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), MERS-CoV, ZIKA and other viral infections. These novel nanotherapeutics reduced inflammation and controlled fulminant cytokine storm when COVID-19 infections transpired [3]. The various immunological phases were identified by the decrease of CD4+, CD8+, T-lymphocytes (lymphopenia), and CD4+ cell expression of INF-γ. The other important characteristics of it, are the high concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), cytokines Interleukin-6 (IL6), and IL-10. While IL-10 induces anti-inflammatory effects, the concentration of pro-inflammatory mediators increased and finally it suppressed immunity [4]. The mechanisms of these routes of physiology transpired cytokine storms. Lymphopenia initiates some response to promote neutrophils and macrophages. These transformations overrun the physiology of the lungs and instigated severe damages in various forms. The distressed physiology of the routes and functioning styles of it is standardized and as well the initiation routes of juxtaposed endothelial tissue were also tracked. Phagocyte chemo-attractant cytokines (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4) can be detected in the respiratory tract and was considered as the main component responsible for enhancing cytokine storm [5]. Various multifunctional nanomaterials are capable to catalyse immunomodulatory and cytokine-binding properties effectively to quench the cytokine storm [6]. At the time of COVID-19 outbreak and other dangerous infections emerged in excessive strength promote cytokine storm. Nanoscale tools and devices can control or stop chemokine intracellular signaling and the activity of cognate receptors [7]. Dys-regularisation and excessive assembly of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines is considered as the key symptoms that instigated throughout coronavirus infection [8]. A novel therapeutic can only be applied in stopping the expansion of cytokine storms and it can easily be able to reduce the number of phases of cytokines activation and formation effectively.
Dysfunctional macrophages are the key components of cytokine storm expansion, and therefore, nanotherapeutic intervention is a good option to target these specific routes to check the progression of the cytokines [9]. These strategies will be a more feasible and reasonably approach comparatively macro-scale remedies. Notable nanotherapeutics inhibit the cytokine, and easily stop interrelated excessive proinflammatory responses. The authors are covering the impactful profiles and effectiveness of macrophage-targeted nanomedicines, and the same phenomenon can be utilized to hinder the frequency of cytokine storms and to intersperse pro-inflammatory responses [10]. These cytokines present in the cells and tissues in the form of small proteins enable cell communication routes and disturb the immune systems [11]. At the stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the cytokine storms enter the lungs and later on induced damages [12]. These newly originated features initiate inflammation, and uncontrolled stages of it lead hyper-inflammation and gained a dangerous stage. Nanotherapeutics are utilized to inhibit inflammation, cytokine storms and in the end, for treating SARS-CoV-2 by adjusting the immune response associated with the existence of the virus. Indeed, nanotheranostics are the best remedies notified for diagnosis and therapeutics of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV infection. Thus these therapies are also be highlighted as immunosuppressant remedies [13]. Notable clinical applications of nanotherapeutics are effectively considered as good in the field of immunological, and in controlling the translational barriers. For example, porous nanomaterials can reduce the effect of cytokines by absorbing into the porous network in a localized area, but e few of the routes of clearance can reduce their efficacy in vivo. Liposomes and other nanoparticles (gold or silica) demonstrated their potential as drug carriers with perfect delivery to control cytokine, additionally, their surface functionalization can bind various molecules and enhance bioavailability (Fig. 2). Nanotechnological devices and tools can spectacle cytokine levels and that is why it considered the best option for clinical diagnosis with high therapeutic efficacy [14]. These remedies can target alveolar epithelial cells for inhibiting any cellular processes.
Dysregulation is the only process and considered as the main option, which can increase the possibilities that can trigger immune responses. These remedies have the potential to repair the dysfunctional of related processes, which can counter the imbalance initiated by the cytokine storm [15]. Instigated inflammation initiates a pathophysiological mechanism responsible for promoting thrombosis [16]. These circumstances underlined the need for specific remedies, which will have displayed antibiotics, antivirals, and anti-inflammatory effects, can be considered for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection [17]. The design of nanomaterials can act as an immune modulator, which can control stimulating or suppressing biological activities of immune responses, utilized in vaccine development to treat SARS-CoV-2 or can counteract the cytokine storm separately [18]. Several modifications have been done for improving pharmacological drug properties. The nanoscale devices and tools can be applied as novel drug carriers and recovering agents. To decrease or deactivate or destroy the impact of any virus or SARS-CoV-2 infection, or to stop the side effects of several other harmful viral infections having in-built features (binding, entry, replication, and budding) of such viruses. Several nanodevices and nanotools were applied, discussed, and referred to in just now published scientific reports and articles [19]. Therefore, multifunctional nanomaterials and nanotechnology are useful for treating sars-Cov-2 virus infection [20]. These remedies displayed strong effectiveness at the time of severe prognosis, especially in weaker individuals, and are effective in acute respiratory distress syndrome. These features are underlined as major causes which were identified in the later stages of the disease, are responsible for the death or increase its rate. These nanoscale tools and devices can easily identify SARS-CoV-2 via smart and innovative nano-based in-built technologies [21]. It is concluded here that these multifunctional bioengineered nanomaterials can be useful in the detection, prevention, and treatment of viral infections.
Author (Rajiv Kumar) gratefully acknowledges his younger brother Bitto for motivation. The author acknowledges bio render for providing the facility to illustrate the diagrams (Fig. 1) and again acknowledges the same.
Availability of data and materials
Wherever necessary, relevant citations are included in the reference section.
Competing interests
The author has declared that no competing interest exists.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
